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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stromliniendiffusion-Finite-Element-Methode</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>Stromliniendiffusion-Finite-Element-Methode (SDFEM)</b> ist eine Modifikation der <a href="Finite-Elemente-Methode" title="Finite-Elemente-Methode">Finite-Elemente-Methode</a>. Die üblichen Varianten der Finite-Element-Methode diskretisieren elliptische Randwertaufgaben mit dominantem Diffusionsterm. Bei aber z.&nbsp;B. Problemen mit dominanter <a href="Konvektion" title="Konvektion">Konvektion</a> zweiter Ordnung oder Konvektionsproblemen erster Ordnung führen Stabilitätsprobleme zu unerwünschten, unphysikalischen Oszillationen in der diskreten Lösung. Ein Ausweg sind stabilisierte Finite-Elemente-Methoden, etwa die Methode der Stromliniendiffusion (SDFEM). Manche nennen die Methode auch SUPG von streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin. Die Methode ist verwandt zu upwind-Varianten der Methode der finiten Differenzen und upwind-Varianten der Methode der finiten Volumen.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ein_eindimensionales_Beispiel">Ein eindimensionales Beispiel</h2></div>
<p>Löst man das Randwertproblem
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -\varepsilon u''+u'=f,\quad u(0)=u(1)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -\varepsilon u''+u'=f,\quad u(0)=u(1)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0dbda0f6c15277d0d71ca883e03402333981c527.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.909ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -\varepsilon u''+u'=f,\quad u(0)=u(1)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>bei konstantem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> mit linearen finiten Elementen auf einem äquidistanten Gitter, so erzeugt man für die Näherungswerte in den Gitterpunkten das
Gleichungssystem
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -\varepsilon {\frac {u_{i+1}-2u_{i}+u_{i-1}}{h^{2}}}+{\frac {u_{i+1}-u_{i-1}}{2h}}=f.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>.</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -\varepsilon {\frac {u_{i+1}-2u_{i}+u_{i-1}}{h^{2}}}+{\frac {u_{i+1}-u_{i-1}}{2h}}=f.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/76f78200190bcade4b0328115603e749503e086c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:41.161ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -\varepsilon {\frac {u_{i+1}-2u_{i}+u_{i-1}}{h^{2}}}+{\frac {u_{i+1}-u_{i-1}}{2h}}=f.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Dies entspricht einer bekannten <a href="Finite-Differenzen-Methode" title="Finite-Differenzen-Methode">Finite-Differenzen-Methode</a>, siehe Abschnitt <i>Upwind Finite-Differenzen-Methode für ein Konvektions-Diffusionsproblem</i>. Von dieser ist schon sehr lange bekannt, dass sie im Fall dominanter Konvektion bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0<\varepsilon <<1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>&lt;&lt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0&lt;\varepsilon &lt;&lt;1}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a6d4a9c4cef9c34788bb2eddc1449d2cc58e3d63.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.413ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0<\varepsilon <<1}" loading="lazy"></span> unzureichend ist,
während eine upwind Finite-Differenzen-Methode stabil gut funktioniert (s. Buch von Doolan, Miller, Schilders 1980).
</p><p>Dagegen war lange unklar, wie man auf der Basis der Methode der finiten Elemente einen upwind-Effekt generiert. Verschiedene historische Zugänge werden im Buch von Roos, Stynes und Tobiska (2008) diskutiert. Am populärsten ist inzwischen die Stromliniendiffusions-Finite-Element-Methode, die 1979 von Hughes und Brooks vorgeschlagen wurde. Bei der Stromliniendiffusions-Finite-Element-Methode addiert man zur üblichen FEM-Formulierung ein gewichtetes Residuum. Die übliche Finite-Elemente Methode für das Beispiel wäre: Gesucht ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{h}\in V_{h}}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi>h</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{h}\in V_{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f2cf79857f31e936b0bbff29cf1565144b3b0a05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.884ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{h}\in V_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (u_{h}',v_{h}')+(u_{h}',v_{h})=(f,v_{h})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>h</mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon (u_{h}',v_{h}')+(u_{h}',v_{h})=(f,v_{h})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/628613c270b507247f268765050ef27d69d235db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.768ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (u_{h}',v_{h}')+(u_{h}',v_{h})=(f,v_{h})}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{h}\in V_{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{h}\in V_{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f017eedf89e8e09cbf6b98c643f85d328c67e4a5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.682ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{h}\in V_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dem gewählten Finite-Elemente-Raum. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\cdot ,\cdot )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\cdot ,\cdot )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0fc515c912925128800226dd0b017be508069e24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.137ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\cdot ,\cdot )}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet dabei das Skalarprodukt im Raum der quadratisch integrierbaren Funktionen über dem Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (0,1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (0,1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c79c6838e423c1ed3c7ea532a56dc9f9dae8290b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.168ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (0,1)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Nun wird das gewichtete Residuum addiert:
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (u_{h}',v_{h}')+(u_{h}',v_{h})+(-\varepsilon u_{h}''+u_{h}'-f,\delta v_{h}')=(f,v_{h})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon (u_{h}',v_{h}')+(u_{h}',v_{h})+(-\varepsilon u_{h}''+u_{h}'-f,\delta v_{h}')=(f,v_{h})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2ec189f98c75d79d5002ab79efcf66c865845822.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:52.676ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (u_{h}',v_{h}')+(u_{h}',v_{h})+(-\varepsilon u_{h}''+u_{h}'-f,\delta v_{h}')=(f,v_{h})}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>(das Residuum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -\varepsilon w''+w'-f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mi>f</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -\varepsilon w''+w'-f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7603ff846870ce3825276a10cc0a5558709ae65b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.001ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -\varepsilon w''+w'-f}" loading="lazy"></span> ist für die exakte Lösung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3e6bb763d22c20916ed4f0bb6bd49d7470cffd8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u}" loading="lazy"></span> gleich Null&nbsp;!). Meist schreibt man dann die <i>SDFEM</i> als
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (u_{h}',v_{h}')+(u_{h}',v_{h})+(-\varepsilon u_{h}''+u_{h}',\delta v_{h}')=(f,v_{h}+\delta v_{h}').}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<msubsup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>″</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon (u_{h}',v_{h}')+(u_{h}',v_{h})+(-\varepsilon u_{h}''+u_{h}',\delta v_{h}')=(f,v_{h}+\delta v_{h}').}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d03bbfd13fcdf980a2abd9761e7271c7c4552568.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:55.399ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (u_{h}',v_{h}')+(u_{h}',v_{h})+(-\varepsilon u_{h}''+u_{h}',\delta v_{h}')=(f,v_{h}+\delta v_{h}').}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Der sogenannte Stromliniendiffusionsparameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5321cfa797202b3e1f8620663ff43c4660ea03a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta }" loading="lazy"></span> ist nicht notwendig ein Parameter, insbesondere kann er elementweise definiert werden.
</p><p>Speziell für lineare finite Elemente auf einem äquidistanten Gitter erhält man für eine Konstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5321cfa797202b3e1f8620663ff43c4660ea03a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta }" loading="lazy"></span> das folgende Gleichungssystem für die Näherungswerte in den Gitterpunkten:
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -\varepsilon {\frac {u_{i+1}-2u_{i}+u_{i-1}}{h^{2}}}+({\frac {1}{2}}-{\frac {\delta }{h}}){\frac {u_{i+1}-u_{i}}{h}}+({\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {\delta }{h}}){\frac {u_{i}-u_{i-1}}{h}}=f.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>h</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mi>h</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mi>h</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mi>h</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -\varepsilon {\frac {u_{i+1}-2u_{i}+u_{i-1}}{h^{2}}}+({\frac {1}{2}}-{\frac {\delta }{h}}){\frac {u_{i+1}-u_{i}}{h}}+({\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {\delta }{h}}){\frac {u_{i}-u_{i-1}}{h}}=f.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/79bc61208fb10d39ba8823230880c1571e5f677b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:69.583ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -\varepsilon {\frac {u_{i+1}-2u_{i}+u_{i-1}}{h^{2}}}+({\frac {1}{2}}-{\frac {\delta }{h}}){\frac {u_{i+1}-u_{i}}{h}}+({\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {\delta }{h}}){\frac {u_{i}-u_{i-1}}{h}}=f.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Man sieht: für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8bbc4a4d0a8fcabdf770691af61b994e64b81468.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.31ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta =0}" loading="lazy"></span> (reine finite Elemente), wird das zentrale Differenzenverfahren erzeugt, für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta =h/2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta =h/2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/11cb0c063ed72e81808a774fa968c83acbb28f5a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.811ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta =h/2}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der SDFEM jedoch ein upwind-Verfahren!
</p><p>Bei Stynes und Tobiska 1998 findet man eine Diskussion zur Wahl von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5321cfa797202b3e1f8620663ff43c4660ea03a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta }" loading="lazy"></span> auf verschiedenen Gittern (auch <a href="Grenzschichtangepasste_Gitter" title="Grenzschichtangepasste Gitter">Grenzschichtangepasste Gitter</a>) und eine Fehlerabschätzung für beliebige Gitter.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ein_zweidimensionales_Konvektions-Diffusionsproblem">Ein zweidimensionales Konvektions-Diffusionsproblem</h2></div>
<p>In einem zweidimensionalen polygonalen Gebiet <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24b0d5ca6f381068d756f6337c08e0af9d1eeb6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega }" loading="lazy"></span> wird die Randwertaufgabe
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -\varepsilon \triangle u+b\cdot \nabla u+cu=f,\quad u=0\,\,{\rm {auf}}\,\partial \Omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">△<!-- △ --></mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -\varepsilon \triangle u+b\cdot \nabla u+cu=f,\quad u=0\,\,{\rm {auf}}\,\partial \Omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ce058f38c15a7972978862145c0d201b299469ef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:41.049ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -\varepsilon \triangle u+b\cdot \nabla u+cu=f,\quad u=0\,\,{\rm {auf}}\,\partial \Omega }" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>betrachtet. Besonders interessiert der Fall dominanter Konvektion mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0<\varepsilon <<1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>&lt;&lt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0&lt;\varepsilon &lt;&lt;1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a6d4a9c4cef9c34788bb2eddc1449d2cc58e3d63.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.413ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0<\varepsilon <<1}" loading="lazy"></span> .
</p><p>Nun wird zunächst mit der <a href="Methode_der_finiten_Elemente" class="mw-redirect" title="Methode der finiten Elemente">Methode der finiten Elemente</a> diskretisiert. Dazu nimmt man einen konformen Finite-Elemente-Raum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{h}\subset H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⊂<!-- ⊂ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>H</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{h}\subset H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a84e04e71de74c5d93beca263afaeb51184e2ba3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:12.278ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{h}\subset H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )}" loading="lazy"></span>
auf einer quasiuniformen Triangulation (s. <a href="Fehlerabsch%C3%A4tzung_f%C3%BCr_die_Finite-Element-Methode" title="Fehlerabschätzung für die Finite-Element-Methode">Fehlerabschätzung für die Finite-Element-Methode</a>), <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> sei ein Element der Triangulation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\cal {T_{h}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\cal {T_{h}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6afcc713169060f359e5e745e8ac10e99f7655df.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.446ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\cal {T_{h}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> . Ist dann <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\cdot ,\cdot )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\cdot ,\cdot )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0fc515c912925128800226dd0b017be508069e24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.137ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\cdot ,\cdot )}" loading="lazy"></span> das Skalarprodukt im Raum der quadratisch integrierbaren Funktionen über <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24b0d5ca6f381068d756f6337c08e0af9d1eeb6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega }" loading="lazy"></span>, so lautet die Finite-Elemente-Methode: Finde <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{h}\in V_{h}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{h}\in V_{h}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f2cf79857f31e936b0bbff29cf1565144b3b0a05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.884ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{h}\in V_{h}}" loading="lazy"></span>
mit
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{G}(u_{h},v_{h})=\varepsilon (\nabla u_{h}.\nabla v_{h})+(b\cdot \nabla u_{h},v_{h})+(cu_{h},v_{h})=(f,v_{h})\quad \forall v_{h}\in V_{h}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{G}(u_{h},v_{h})=\varepsilon (\nabla u_{h}.\nabla v_{h})+(b\cdot \nabla u_{h},v_{h})+(cu_{h},v_{h})=(f,v_{h})\quad \forall v_{h}\in V_{h}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/56decf7eba03bdf08f3ad61e43a5fbb7e027125e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:74.213ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{G}(u_{h},v_{h})=\varepsilon (\nabla u_{h}.\nabla v_{h})+(b\cdot \nabla u_{h},v_{h})+(cu_{h},v_{h})=(f,v_{h})\quad \forall v_{h}\in V_{h}.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Wie im eindimensionalen Fall ist diese Methode ungeeignet, es sei denn, man verwendet sehr kleine Elemente bei der Triangulation, etwa Elemente in der Größenordnung des kleinen Parameters <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }" loading="lazy"></span>. Deshalb stabilisiert man die Finite-Elemente-Methode durch Addition eines gewichteten Residuums ähnlich wie im eindimensionalen Fall und erhält die SDFEM
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a_{G}(u_{h},v_{h})+\sum _{T}\delta _{T}(-\varepsilon \triangle u_{h}+b\cdot \nabla u_{h}+cu_{h}-f,b\cdot v_{h}))=(f,v_{h})\quad \forall v_{h}\in V_{h}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>G</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">△<!-- △ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∀<!-- ∀ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a_{G}(u_{h},v_{h})+\sum _{T}\delta _{T}(-\varepsilon \triangle u_{h}+b\cdot \nabla u_{h}+cu_{h}-f,b\cdot v_{h}))=(f,v_{h})\quad \forall v_{h}\in V_{h}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bcc61ee9d04b4126f8a0bdf6b19f4ec3bdfbb9f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:77.521ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a_{G}(u_{h},v_{h})+\sum _{T}\delta _{T}(-\varepsilon \triangle u_{h}+b\cdot \nabla u_{h}+cu_{h}-f,b\cdot v_{h}))=(f,v_{h})\quad \forall v_{h}\in V_{h}.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Im konvektionsdominanten Fall wählt man meist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta _{T}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta _{T}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/721abb5e8e6410aea40a949ebbb554abe93a1015.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.422ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta _{T}}" loading="lazy"></span> proportional zum Durchmesser des Elementes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span>. Unter gewissen Voraussetzungen kann man zeigen, dass die SDFEM in der SDFEM-Norm
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |||v|||_{SD}:=(\varepsilon |v|_{1}^{2}+\|v\|_{0}^{2}+\sum _{T}\delta _{T}\|b\cdot \nabla v\|_{0,T}^{2})^{1/2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>D</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>v</mi>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mi>v</mi>
<msubsup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |||v|||_{SD}:=(\varepsilon |v|_{1}^{2}+\|v\|_{0}^{2}+\sum _{T}\delta _{T}\|b\cdot \nabla v\|_{0,T}^{2})^{1/2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3739df99ebbfe5d003066605d7fa3ffc6fa68c8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:47.559ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |||v|||_{SD}:=(\varepsilon |v|_{1}^{2}+\|v\|_{0}^{2}+\sum _{T}\delta _{T}\|b\cdot \nabla v\|_{0,T}^{2})^{1/2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>stabil ist, dies erklärt das Verschwinden von Oszillationen der diskreten Lösung im größten Teil des Gebietes (s. Schieweck 2008).
</p><p>Mit Techniken wie bei der <a href="Fehlerabsch%C3%A4tzung_f%C3%BCr_die_Finite-Element-Methode" title="Fehlerabschätzung für die Finite-Element-Methode">Fehlerabschätzung für die Finite-Element-Methode</a> erhält man im konvektionsdominanten Fall für lineare Elemente die Abschätzung
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |||u-u_{h}|||_{SD}\leq C(\varepsilon ^{1/2}+h^{1/2})h|u|_{2}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>h</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>S</mi>
<mi>D</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>u</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |||u-u_{h}|||_{SD}\leq C(\varepsilon ^{1/2}+h^{1/2})h|u|_{2}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/22701d2978a3690c928c34f5bdcc494caf0097a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:36.21ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |||u-u_{h}|||_{SD}\leq C(\varepsilon ^{1/2}+h^{1/2})h|u|_{2}.}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Dabei hängt die Konstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }" loading="lazy"></span> ab, deshalb nennt man diese Abschätzung <i>semirobust</i>. Volle Robustheit liegt nicht vor, weil ja <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |u|_{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>u</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |u|_{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/71126bba75b43e4cb19f4fc400fffd08acc17deb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.678ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |u|_{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> vom Parameter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }" loading="lazy"></span> abhängig ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SDFEM_und_grenzschichtangepasste_Gitter">SDFEM und grenzschichtangepasste Gitter</h2></div>
<p><a href="Grenzschichtangepasste_Gitter" title="Grenzschichtangepasste Gitter">Grenzschichtangepasste Gitter</a> ermöglichen in speziellen Fällen vollständig robuste Fehlerabschätzungen. Das setzt aber voraus, dass man in dem gegebenen <a href="Randwertproblem" title="Randwertproblem">Randwertproblem</a> die Lage der Grenzschichten kennt und präzise Informationen über das Verhalten der Ableitungen der exakten Lösung herleiten kann (s. <a href="Singul%C3%A4re_St%C3%B6rung" title="Singuläre Störung">Singuläre Störung</a>). Beispiele für solche Spezialfälle findet man in den angegebenen Monographien von Roos, Stynes und Tobiska bzw. Linss.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>T. J. R. Hughes, A. N. Brooks: <i>A multidimensional upwind scheme with no crosswind diffusion.</i> In: <i>Finite element methods for convection dominated flows.</i> volume 34 of AMD, ASME, New York 1979.</li>
<li>E. P. Doolan, J. J. H. Miller, W. H. A. Schilders: <i>Uniform numerical methods for problems with initial an boundary layers.</i> Boole press, Dublin 1980.</li>
<li>T. Linss: <i>Layer-adapted meshes for reaction-convection-diffusion problems.</i> Springer, 2010.</li>
<li>C. Johnson: <i>Numerical solution of partial differential equations by the finite element method.</i> Cambridge 1987.</li>
<li>A. Quarteroni, A. Valli: <i>Numerical approximation of partial differential equations.</i> Springer, 1994.</li>
<li>H.-G. Roos, M. Stynes, L. Tobiska: <i>Robust numerical methods for singularly perturbed differential equations.</i> Springer, Heidelberg 2008.</li>
<li>F. Schieweck: <i>The stability of the CIP method for higher order finite elements applied to convection-diffusion equations. Technical report.</i> Institut für Analysis, Univ. Magdeburg 2008.</li>
<li>M. Stynes, L. Tobiska: <i>A finite difference analysis of a streamline diffusion method on a Shishkin mesh.</i> In: <i>Numer. Algorithms.</i> Band 18, 1998, S. 337–360.</li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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